The Dynamics of
Thermo - Hydro - Mechanical
Processes

An interactive journey into the coupled physical processes governing the behavior of porous media, from deep geothermal reservoirs to shallow soils.

What is a Porous Medium?

A framework of solid grains with interconnected voids.

Before diving into the complex couplings, we must understand the environment. A porous medium consists of a solid matrix (like rock or soil grains) and a connected pore space filled with fluids (liquid or gas). The key parameter is Porosity (\( \phi \)), the fraction of the total volume that is void space.

$$ \phi = \frac{V_{pores}}{V_{total}} $$

The Three Pillars

Understanding the individual processes before they couple.

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Thermal (T)

Heat transfer occurs through conduction in the solid matrix and fluids, and convection driven by fluid flow.

$$ \mathbf{q}_T = -\lambda_{eff} \nabla T + (\rho c)_f \mathbf{q} T $$

Where \( \lambda_{eff} \) is effective thermal conductivity, \( T \) is temperature, and \( \mathbf{q} \) is fluid flux.

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Hydrological (H)

Fluid flow is driven by pressure gradients. The primary relationship is Darcy's Law.

$$ \mathbf{q} = -\frac{\mathbf{k}}{\mu} (\nabla p - \rho_f \mathbf{g}) $$

Where \( \mathbf{k} \) is intrinsic permeability, \( \mu \) is viscosity, and \( p \) is pore pressure.

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Mechanical (M)

The deformation of the solid skeleton. It's governed by the balance of momentum and the principle of effective stress.

$$ \boldsymbol{\sigma}' = \boldsymbol{\sigma} - \alpha p \mathbf{I} $$

Where \( \boldsymbol{\sigma}' \) is effective stress, \( \boldsymbol{\sigma} \) is total stress, and \( \alpha \) is the Biot-Willis coefficient.

The Couplings

How changes in one process drive changes in another.

Hover over the connections to explore the physical phenomena linking these processes.

Thermal
Hydro
Mech

T ⇄ H Coupling

Convection & Buoyancy: Fluid flow transports heat. Changes in temperature alter fluid density (creating buoyancy forces) and viscosity.

H ⇄ M Coupling

Poroelasticity: Changes in pore pressure (\(p\)) alter the effective stress, causing deformation. Conversely, volumetric strain changes porosity and pore pressure.

M ⇄ T Coupling

Thermal Expansion: Heating causes the solid matrix and the fluid to expand, changing porosity and inducing thermal stresses.

Interactive THM Triangle

Hover over the dashed lines to learn about the specific physical couplings between the processes.